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Usage of interactive terms
In this documentation, terms for interacting with external computer keyboards and touchpads also apply when using the iPad touchscreen.
Usage of musical terms
This documentation uses American terminology for musical items.
Documentation structure
In our documentation, we divide information into three different types of topics, according to their content.
Conventions
In our documentation, we use typographical and markup elements to structure information.
Dorico is based on a number of key concepts that come from its design philosophy.
Design philosophy and higher-level concepts
Deep design considerations are required to create a notation software like Dorico, which might be of particular interest to users familiar with scoring applications. Dorico has a forward-thinking design that is led by musical concepts rather than computational convenience, and this provides many benefits.
The user interface of Dorico for iPad is designed to keep all of the important tools at your fingertips. This chapter introduces you to key aspects of the user interface.
Project window
Dorico for iPad’s main project window allows you to access all the options and tools you need to work on a project.
Workspace setup
Dorico for iPad enables you to set up your workspace according to your working style. For example, you can switch between different layouts in your project and view them in either galley or page view.
Preferences dialog
In the Preferences dialog, you can make permanent settings for your workspace and define key commands.
Key Commands page in the Preferences dialog
The Key Commands page in the Preferences dialog allows you to view all the items and functions to which you can assign key commands, change existing key commands, and assign new key commands to items and functions that have no key command assigned by default.
In Dorico for iPad, you can start new, open existing, print, and share projects.
Hub
The Hub allows you to access recent projects, start new projects, and keep up-to-date with learning materials including tutorials, videos, and blog updates. The Hub opens automatically when you start Dorico for iPad.
Starting new projects
Dorico for iPad provides multiple project templates that you can use to start new projects, including multiple types of orchestras and vocal ensembles. You can also start empty projects.
Opening projects/files
You can open existing Dorico projects as well as MusicXML and MIDI files.
Printing layouts
You can print individual layouts in your project to any AirPrint enabled printers to which your iPad is connected.
File export
External files are files in different formats than Dorico projects, such as MIDI, MusicXML, or PDF. In Dorico for iPad, you can export layouts and projects as different types of files.
Read-only mode
Projects that contain more than your maximum number of players open in read-only mode. In read-only mode, you can view, play back, and print projects, but you cannot edit or save them.
Setup mode allows you to set up the fundamental elements of the project: instruments and the players that hold them, flows, and layouts. You can also determine how they interact with each other, for example, by changing the players assigned to layouts.
Project window in Setup mode
The project window in Setup mode contains panels with all the tools and functions that allow you to add players and instruments as well as to create layouts and flows for your project.
Project Info dialog
The Project Info dialog allows you to specify information about the whole project and each flow within it separately, such as the title, composer, and lyricist, as these might be different for different flows. You can then refer to these entries using tokens in text frames.
Layout Options dialog
The Layout Options dialog allows you to change various aspects of each layout independently. For example, you can change the physical properties of the layout, such as page size, staff size, or margins, and how the music appears and is laid out, such as note spacing or staff labels.
Players, layouts, and flows
In Dorico for iPad, players, layouts, and flows are all connected to each other. Because they exist in the project rather than in a single score, you can, for example, have players and flows saved in the project without showing them in the full score.
Players
In Dorico for iPad, a player can represent an individual musician or multiple musicians in the same section. Players hold instruments, so you must add at least one player to your project before you can add instruments.
Ensembles
Ensembles are sets of multiple players that are commonly used together, such as a double woodwind section that contains two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, and two bassoons. Dorico for iPad provides predefined ensembles but you can also build custom ensembles.
Instruments
In Dorico for iPad, an instrument is an individual musical instrument, such as a piano, a flute, or a violin. Human voices, such as soprano or tenor, are also considered instruments.
Player groups
A group represents a collection of musicians that are considered together, such as one choir in a work for double choir or an off-stage ensemble. Player groups can have their own brackets, depending on the bracket grouping set for each layout.
Flows
Flows are separate spans of music that are completely independent in musical content, meaning they can contain completely different players from each other and have different time signatures and key signatures. A single project can contain any number of flows.
Layouts
Layouts combine musical content, as represented by flows and players, with rules for page formatting and music engraving, and allow you to produce paginated music notation that can be printed or exported in various formats. For example, part layouts only include the music for that player whereas full score layouts contain all staves in the project.
Player, layout, and instrument names
In Dorico for iPad, you can use three different names to refer to the same player in different contexts. This allows you to show relevant information in different places in the score.
Flow names and flow titles
Whenever you add a flow to a project, the default name of a flow is Flow plus an incremental number. In Dorico for iPad, flows have both a flow name and a flow title, which are the same by default but can be different if, for example, you want to organize sketch versions of flows without affecting their displayed titles in the music.
Write mode allows you to input and edit your music, including changing the rhythmic positions of items, changing the pitch of notes, and deleting notes and items. The available toolboxes and panels allow you to input all the notes and notation items that are most commonly used.
Project window in Write mode
The project window in Write mode contains toolboxes and panels with the tools and functions required to write your music.
Notation Options dialog
The Notation Options dialog allows you to change how music is notated by default in each flow independently. For example, there are options for beam, note, and rest grouping, voices, accidentals, and condensing.
Inputting vs. editing
Dorico for iPad distinguishes the processes for inputting and editing music.
Rhythmic grid
The rhythmic grid is a unit of rhythmic duration whose value affects certain aspects of inputting and editing, such as the amount by which items move. However, it does not control the duration of notes and items that you input.
Note input
In Dorico for iPad, you can only input notes during note input, which is when the caret is activated. This reduces the risk of you adding notes to staves accidentally.
MIDI recording
MIDI recording is a way of inputting notes into Dorico for iPad by playing them in real time on a MIDI device. This can be particularly useful if, for example, you prefer to improvise your music rather than plan pitches and note durations in advance.
Notations input
You can input many types of notations, both during note input and by adding them to existing notes and music. In Dorico for iPad, notation is a broad term that includes many different items, including articulations, slurs, dynamics, and more.
Selecting notes/items
In Dorico for iPad, there are multiple different ways you can select notes and items in your project, from selecting items individually to making large selections covering multiple staves. You can also change whether notes play back during note input/selection.
Editing items
In Dorico for iPad, there are editing methods that are common to most notations, including lengthening/shortening items and changing their staff-relative placement.
Hiding non-printing elements
You can temporarily hide all visible elements that do not print, such as signposts and selection highlights. This allows you to view the current layout as it will appear when printed/exported without switching to Print mode.
Navigation
There are different ways you can navigate around the layout currently open in the music area, such as moving the selection to different items or bringing specific bar numbers or pages into view. Many navigation methods function in multiple modes.
Signposts
In Dorico for iPad, signposts indicate the positions of important items or changes that cannot be seen in the score, such as key signatures with no accidentals, hidden items, and rhythmic feel changes.
Arranging tools
Arranging tools in Dorico for iPad allow you to allocate notes to different staves and voices quickly and efficiently.
Comments
Comments allow you to add notes or instructions at precise positions in your project without affecting the music. They are considered annotations in Dorico for iPad, meaning they are not printed by default.
There are various ways you can control the layout and formatting of pages in your project, including changing the size of pages and adjusting note spacing.
Engrave mode
Engrave mode is only available when you are subscribed. Engrave mode allows you to manipulate and modify every item in your project, but without deleting them, moving them rhythmically, or changing the pitch of notes. You can also determine the casting off in each layout of your project using system and frame breaks.
Moving items graphically
You can move items graphically without changing the rhythmic positions or notes to which they are attached, for example, to offset individual items on specific pages without moving other items of the same type elsewhere in the layout. You can do this for the current layout and frame chain only or for all layouts and frame chains.
Text objects vs. text in text frames
Text in Dorico for iPad can exist as a text object, added to individual staves or as system text, and in text frames, which are fixed to the page rather than the music.
Master pages
Master pages function like templates in Dorico for iPad, allowing the same page formatting to be applied to multiple pages and in different layouts.
Flow headings
Flow headings allow you to show the titles of flows immediately above their first system automatically. They function like templates, in much the same way as master pages, allowing the same flow heading formatting to be applied to multiple flows in different layouts.
Frames
Dorico uses boxes called frames to position music, additional text, and graphics inside the margins of pages. In Dorico for iPad, you cannot input or edit frames, but frames on master pages control the formatting of pages in your project.
Music frame chains
A music frame chain is a collection of music frames that show the same selection of music in a set order, often in sequence. Music frame chains can include any number of frames, including only a single music frame.
Page formatting
The formatting of pages in Dorico for iPad is determined by a number of factors, including the layout’s staff size, page margins, the master page applied to them, any casting off values applied to them, system and frame breaks, and frame padding.
Staff size
Staff size refers to the distance between the top and bottom lines of staves, and can be expressed as a point size or in another supported unit of measurement, such as millimeters. For individual staves, you can use a scale size of the default staff size in the layout. The most appropriate staff size depends on the intended purpose of the layout.
Casting off
Casting off is the term used to encompass fixing the layout of pages of music, such as setting the number of systems per page. In Dorico for iPad, you can fix both the number of bars per system and the number of systems per music frame in each layout independently.
System breaks
System breaks occur when musical material reaches the right page margin and must continue on a new system, usually below the previous system on the same page or on a new page. Dorico for iPad automatically arranges music across systems so that notes are correctly spaced and legible, but you can also control system breaks manually.
Frame breaks
Frame breaks occur when musical material reaches the right page margin at the bottom of a frame and must continue on a new system in the next frame in the music frame chain, which is usually on the next page. Dorico for iPad automatically arranges music in frames so that systems are correctly spaced and legible, but you can also control frame breaks manually, for example, to insert page turns at specific positions in part layouts.
Note spacing
The positions of notes and rests relative to each other, and the automatic gaps between them, are known as note spacing.
Staff spacing
The vertical positioning of staves and systems within frames is known as staff spacing. Staff spacing calculations consider the height of staves and the necessary gaps between staves and systems.
Tacets
Tacet is the indication used to show that a player does not play anything in an entire flow, which might be a movement in a symphony or cue in a film score. In Dorico for iPad, you can generate tacets automatically.
Condensing
Condensing is the process of showing the music for multiple players on fewer staves than normal, usually by allowing multiple instruments of the same type to share a staff, such as Flutes 1-2 or Horns 1-4.
Copying part formatting to other layouts
You can copy all the formatting from one part layout to other part layouts, for example, to save time if multiple part layouts in your project require similar formatting. You can include layout options, such as page size and margins, and other page formatting, such as system and frame breaks.
Read view displays the current layout in a full page view with view options hidden, allowing you to play along with it, for example, on a piano. It supports turning pages in multiple ways.
Opening/Closing Read view
You can open/close Read view for the layout currently open in the music area.
Turning pages in Read view
You can turn pages in Read view in multiple ways, for example, when playing along on a piano with your iPad on the music stand.
Introduction
This notation reference contains information about the accepted conventions for presenting different notations and how to change their appearance and placement in Dorico for iPad, both for individual items and by changing default settings.
Accidentals
Accidentals are shown beside notes to indicate their pitch, both when notated on a staff and written out in text. In music based in Western tonality, they usually show that the pitch of a note has been altered so that it does not conform to the current prevailing key signature.
Articulations
Articulations are markings that are drawn above or below notes and chords. Articulations tell a performer how to attack a note or how long to play a note relative to its notated duration.
Bars
Bars indicate a usually regular segment of time according to the number of beats, which is usually determined by the prevailing time signature. Bars are separated from other bars to the left and the right by vertical barlines.
Barlines
Barlines are vertical lines that cross staves in order to show how music is divided into bars, according to the time signature. The most commonly used barline is the single barline between adjacent bars, but there are different types, such as double or repeat barlines.
Bar numbers
Bar numbers provide a crucial reference point for music that has multiple players, and make the chronological sequence of the music clear. They indicate where players are in the piece, which allows them to co-ordinate themselves easily in rehearsals and concerts.
Beaming
A beam is a line that connects notes with tails to show rhythmic grouping, which varies according to the metrical structure of the current time signature.
Note and rest grouping
There are generally accepted conventions for how notes and rests of different durations are notated and grouped in different contexts and meters. In Dorico for iPad, notes are automatically notated to fit within bars and are grouped according to your per-flow settings.
Brackets and braces
Brackets and braces are thick straight and curved lines in the left-hand margin that show instrument groupings.
Chord symbols
Chord symbols describe the vertical harmony of the music at a specific moment. They are frequently used in jazz and pop music, where players often improvise around chord progressions.
Chord diagrams
Chord diagrams represent the pattern of strings and frets on fretted instruments and use dots to indicate the stopped finger positions required to produce the corresponding chord. This demonstrates the specific shape of chords in a compact way and is useful if a particular voicing is required.
Clefs
Clefs are the symbol at the start of every system that give the notes on the staff context; that is, the clef tells you which note of the scale applies to each line or space of the staff. To minimize the number of ledger lines required for notes, different clefs are typically used according to the register of instruments.
Octave lines
Octave lines indicate where notes are played higher/lower than they appear in the score or part. They are dashed or dotted horizontal lines with an italic numeral at the start. The numeral indicates the number of pitches by which the phrase is changed, such as 8 for one octave and 15 for two octaves.
Cues
Cues are passages of music shown in instrumental parts that are played by a different player, usually to help orientate players before entries or solos following a significant passage of rests.
Dynamics
Dynamics indicate the loudness of the music, and can be combined with other instructions to give the performer a detailed understanding of how to perform the music, while also leaving room for interpretation.
Figured bass
Figured bass is a shorthand that uses figures to specify the harmony above the notated bass notes. It is particularly common in Baroque and early Classical music and in the parts of accompanying instruments, such as harpsichords and viols.
Fingering
Fingerings can be added to music to recommend which fingers players should use for notes. This can be useful for music aimed at players learning the instrument and for difficult musical passages where certain fingering patterns make the notes much easier to play.
String indicators
String indicators are commonly used in guitar music to tell performers the string on which they should play a note, particularly for pitches that are possible on multiple strings.
Front matter
Front matter in Dorico for iPad is a broad term that covers all information included before the first bar of music in scores.
Grace notes
Grace notes are notes without a fixed duration, which are intended to be played quickly. They are scaled-down versions of normal notes, and are commonly shown with a slash through their stem.
Holds and pauses
Different notations are used to show where the established rhythmic flow of the music is interrupted, either with a moment of repose or a short silence, before continuing. The most subtle effect is produced by a tenuto mark, with more significant effects denoted with holds and pauses.
Key signatures
Key signatures are the markings that show the current key of music by indicating which notes in the scale for that key are sharpened or flattened. They are shown at the start of each system on every applicable staff.
Lyrics
In Dorico for iPad, the term lyrics is used for all text that is sung by singers.
Notes
Notes are shapes that are positioned on staves to indicate musical pitches. Notes are most commonly shown with oval-shaped, round noteheads that are either filled or void depending on their duration, but there are many different designs of noteheads that you can use.
Harmonics
Harmonics are pitches produced by touching resonating strings at specific positions along their length, allowing the corresponding harmonic partial to sound. Harmonics often have a high pitch with a glassy, purer sound than stopped pitches. There are two different types of harmonics: natural and artificial.
Ornaments
Ornaments are markings that indicate multiple notes are played in addition to the notated pitch. They are used to decorate music, such as in Baroque music, which is highly decorated with trills and other ornaments.
Arpeggio signs
Arpeggio signs are vertical lines that indicate chords are to be played arpeggiated, or spread, so that the notes in the chord are played very quickly one after another. Arpeggio signs are normally shown as vertical wavy lines.
Glissando lines
Glissando lines indicate a continuous transition between two notes, which can be smooth or in chromatic steps. They can have straight lines or wiggly lines, and can be shown with a text indication or as a line without text.
Guitar bends
The guitar bend is a technique commonly performed on electric guitars, where the performer pushes strings out of their normal alignment after notes start to sound. Bending strings tightens them, which produces the characteristic pitch fluctuation.
Guitar techniques
The term guitar techniques covers a range of techniques typically associated with guitar music, such as hammer-ons, pull-offs, and pitch alterations that use the vibrato bar on electric guitars.
Jazz articulations
Jazz articulations in Dorico for iPad cover a range of note ornamentations that are idiomatic to jazz music, and brass instruments in particular.
Page numbers
Page numbers are used to give each page a unique number, and indicate its position relative to other pages. Just as in newspapers and books, musical scores and parts use page numbers to make sure the music stays in the correct order.
Harp pedaling
Harp pedaling is a broad term that covers the specific requirements for notating music for harps. This primarily involves harp pedal diagrams, which are often necessary due to the way in which modern concert harps change their tuning.
Pedal lines
Pedal lines indicate to performers which piano pedals to use, and can also give performance instructions, such as how far down to depress the pedals and when to lift the pedal to clear the resonance.
Playing techniques
The term playing techniques covers a wide range of instructions intended to tell performers to modify the sound of the notes they are playing, for example, by changing their embouchure or changing the position of their bow, or by modifying their instrument, such as adding a mute or depressing a pedal.
Lines
Lines can convey a variety of meanings in music, such as indicating which hand to use in piano music or a gradual change in bow pressure. In Dorico for iPad, lines can be vertical, horizontal, or angled between notes and have different styles and appearances.
Rehearsal marks
Rehearsal marks are ordered sequences of letters or numbers that provide reference points in music for multiple players, such as indicating significant changes in the music. They allow performers to co-ordinate easily in rehearsals and make the chronological sequence of the music clear.
Markers
Markers are labels locked to a particular position in time, most commonly in relation to a video. They typically indicate an important moment that requires musical prominence, and composers often use them to help shape the writing process.
Timecodes
Timecodes indicate an exact position in time, usually in the context of a video. They allow precise synchronization between multiple elements, such as music and moving images, and can be used as a reference tool.
Repeat endings
For music with repeated passages, repeat endings show which bars are played at the end of each repetition, with different endings each time if required. They are also known as volta lines, or as first and second endings, but in this documentation, we refer to them as repeat endings.
Repeat markers
Repeat markers show that musical material is to be repeated, but unlike repeat endings, repeat markers often involve jumping to different positions and sections in the music instead of moving through the music consecutively.
Bar repeats
Bar repeats indicate that the musical material in preceding bars must be repeated exactly, but without notating that material again. Bar repeats can comprise groups of one, two, or four bars.
Rhythm slashes
Rhythm slashes are diagonal lines positioned on staves that are used to indicate that performers should play something, but without specifying the exact rhythms and pitches. They are often accompanied by chord symbols to indicate the set of notes the performer should use.
Rests
Rests are markings with a rhythmic value that indicate no note is played for that duration. Each note duration has an equivalent rest, for example, a quarter note rest is different to a sixteenth note rest.
Slurs
Slurs are tapered, curved lines that join notes to indicate legato articulation and phrasing.
Staff labels
Staff labels are used to identify staves in music containing multiple players, and are positioned to the left of systems, before the initial barline of each system. Staff labels indicate the instrument or instruments currently playing the music on the staff or staves to which they apply.
Staves
A staff is a line or group of lines on which musical notes are notated to indicate the pitch and rhythm of music. Pitched instruments use the traditional five-line staff and unpitched instruments often use a single-line staff.
Divisi
Divisi is when players split, or divide, in order to play multiple lines of music, commonly for a limited passage, before returning to play together, or tutti. Divisi passages can be notated with all lines on a single staff or across multiple staves.
Tablature
Tablature is an alternative notation to the five-line staff, and is used for fretted instruments. On tablature, pitches are indicated by fret numbers positioned on lines, each of which represents a string on the instrument. As tablature is commonly used for guitars, it usually shows six lines.
Stems
Stems are vertical lines that extend from noteheads that are a half note or shorter in duration. In combination with notehead design, they allow the duration of each note to be clearly identified.
Tempo marks
Tempo marks indicate how fast music is played, often with a combination of text instructions and metronome marks. They are also known as tempo changes, tempo indications, and tempo markings.
Ties
A tie is a curved line that joins two notes of the same pitch. When notes are longer than the maximum duration of a bar in the prevailing time signature, they automatically appear in Dorico for iPad as tie chains, that is, a sequence of adjacent notes joined with ties.
Time signatures
Time signatures indicate the meter of music, and apply to all bars from where they first appear until a subsequent change of time signature. Meter describes the rhythmic pulse of music, and its division into beats and bars.
Tremolos
Tremolos are thick, slanted lines that cross individual stems or are positioned between multiple stems. They are used to indicate that notes are repeated, either individually or in sequences of multiple notes.
Tuplets
Tuplets indicate where a beat is divided into a different number of subdivisions than is usually expected according to the current meter. They can be used to fit more notes or fewer notes in a beat than usually exist in a beat, according to the usual pattern of subdivision.
Unpitched percussion
The term unpitched percussion covers all percussion instruments that are not tuned to specific pitches. This includes instruments such as bass drum, guiro, maracas, cymbals, and shakers.
Voices
For many instruments, such as flute or trombone, each staff usually contains a single musical line in a single voice that is read from left to right along the staff. When multiple, independent lines must be shown in a single staff, each line can be a separate voice.